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Prehispanic architecture in the Americas is a broad term which includes the ruins and remnants of ancient American cultures that developed between 7000BC and 1521AD. The archeology of these ancient structures falls mainly into three categories: temple pyramids, sunken plazas, and flat topped pyramid complexes. These structures had many shapes as well as served many purposes, from religious temples to mechanisms of government to great monuments commemorating past rulers. In this article I shall briefly discuss the history of Prehispanic architecture in Mexico from around 200AD until 1525AD when Spanish conquest ended a long era of indigenous rule over the region. I will conclude by discussing the life and works of Ignacio Marquina (1882-1961), a Mexican archaeologist responsible for the most important studies of Prehispanic architecture. The Valley of Mexico is one of the cradles of Mesoamerican civilization, boasting some of the most impressive examples of ancient ruins. Its importance arises from its strategic location in the center of the continent, which allowed different groups to reach it through several natural routes. The Valley was also crucial due to its fertile soil and plentiful water supply that has allowed human settlements to flourish throughout history. The Valley of Mexico is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, a region where almost all of the volcanic activity that affected central Mexico took place. It is part of the "Ring of Fire" that surrounds the Pacific Ocean and several volcanoes can be found in that area. The most notable peaks in this region are Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl, whose names mean "Smoking Star" and "White Lady", respectively. Lake Texcoco has been expanding over time due to its instability. Lake Chalco was drained 75 years ago to prevent further spreading but even so, seismic activity can trigger sudden changes such as floods and earthquakes. Approximately 5,000 years ago, the Valley of Mexico was occupied by hunter-gatherers who mostly lived not by farming but following the cycles of game and plant cultivation. They built small villages in the valley because it was one of the most convenient places for large game like deer, which were easy to hunt and breed. The earliest residents likely arrived from Taiwan via Baja California where maize had been domesticated about 10,000 years before. Around 400 BC, a new population known as the Olmecs arrived from southern Mexico between modern-day Veracruz and Tabasco. They were well established by 300 BC, having already developed the practice of weaving, metallurgy and religion. The Olmecs built several major settlements, notably San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City) and La Venta (Veracruz) which quickly became urban centers. The most notable constructions constructed by the Olmecs were ceremonial centers called "cenotes" ("keneh" in Nahuatl), which are underground water-filled canals. It is still unclear to what extent these were used for religious rituals or as places where people could escape to after a drought or an earthquake. cfa1e77820
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